Navigating abortion barriers in rural areas
Advertisements for illegal abortions. jbdodane/Flikr (CC-BY-2.0)Onke Jezile, founder of Lethabo la Azania, a non-profit organisation that works with children and the youth in Engcobo in the Eastern Cape, says for pregnant women in rural areas seeking abortion services is an uphill battle.
“For us in the rural areas, we have to fight 20 or 30 times more to get services compared to our urban counterparts. Here in Engcobo, one of the youth who wanted to have an abortion had to walk far to the nearest service provider, which is about two hours away. When she got there, the pre-counselling session was just a judgemental session. Healthcare workers imposing their beliefs on her. Telling her she shouldn’t abort. They started telling her about God. She left without doing the abortion,” says Jezile.
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Jezile says the pregnant woman had to go to Marie Stopes in East London, which is another three hours away. Unfortunately, by the time she got there, they were already closing for the day. “She was told to come back the next day. This is time-consuming and also very costly. She ended up not going back and had the baby, even if she didn’t want the baby,” says Jezile.
‘More likely to die from complications’
Ulandi Du Plessis, Senior Researcher and Project Manager at Critical Studies in Sexualities and Reproduction (CSSR), a research programme at Rhodes University, says poor women and women in rural areas are more likely to die from abortion-related complications than wealthy women and women living in urban areas. Du Plessis was a speaker at a recent Research in Relation to Advocacy, Policy and Practice (RAPP) event co-hosted with the Sexual and Reproductive Justice Coalition (SRJC).
Du Plessis notes that South Africa has progressive abortion legislation but there are still a variety of factors that hamstrung women’s access to abortion services.
“Significant barriers to accessing formal abortion services include among others, a dearth of functioning facilities, active persuasion from others, conscientious objection on the part of service providers, a lack of management support at facilities, costs, fear of breach of confidentiality and stigma. Many of these barriers are compounded in the rural areas because on the one hand abortions are not provided in clinics but rather hospitals, meaning it is not as accessible as in urban areas,” says Du Plessis.
“Many public facilities that are supposed to provide abortion services don’t for a variety of reasons. Because abortion is still heavily stigmatised and confidentiality is not easy to maintain in rural areas as in urban areas, there is significant evidence of illegal and unsafe abortions taking place in South Africa,” says Du Plessis, adding that providing and accessing abortion services in South Africa differs across socio-economic statuses and location.
On the frontlines
A doctor who previously worked in rural Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal who spoke on condition of anonymity says at one of the public hospitals where he worked, they provided abortion services, but when the nurse who performs the service left, she was not replaced.
“We received an email saying since the nurse has not been replaced, doctors must [provide] the service. We were given the option to opt out if we were conscientious objectors. I wrote back saying I’m opting out.” The doctor tells Spotlight many healthcare workers didn’t provide the service because many felt it went against their values. However, the service was provided, but it was not fast tracked.
“They [pregnant women] were not turned away. We were called ‘evil’ by our medical manager for referring them for ultrasound and social worker as he felt this was causing delays,” says the doctor.
“Women must have information and know their rights. [They must] know exactly where to go to get help. Contraception is available and effective. We need to be focusing more on sexual health education and women’s empowerment. There are a lot of grey areas when it comes to abortion. It is not [just] black and white. Due to some personal values intertwined in this work, it becomes emotionally and psychologically draining to offer services,” says the doctor.
Limited knowledge
When asked if abortion seekers in rural areas know enough about their right to abortion services, Dr Jabulile Mavuso (who has conducted abortion research in the Eastern Cape, through the CSSR research programme with Rhodes University) says studies, including some conducted among peri-urban/urban communities, show limited knowledge among women.
“Some people may know that abortion is legal in South Africa, but do not know the stipulations and conditions of the Act, and/or are unsure of where to access a legal abortion. Given the South African government’s lack of political will to disseminate information about legal abortion and which facilities provide abortions, limited knowledge on South Africa’s CTOP Act is to be expected,” says Mavuso.
Mavuso says research has revealed that great distances to abortion facilities, transport costs, and a few facilities offering abortion may be some of the barriers that abortion seekers from rural communities experience.
“Doing God’s work”
“The nursing profession is an ageing one and most of the healthcare workers there are firmly rooted in their religious beliefs,” says Russell Rensburg, director of the Rural Health Advocacy Project (an NGO). “Most of these nurses firmly believe they are doing God’s work and therefore are not willing to provide abortion services as it is something they don’t believe in.”
“We live in a society where our morals and our values do not match,” he says, arguing that for us to support and understand the needs of young people, especially young women we should move away from our own beliefs, move away from imposing judgement, and start paying more attention to what young women want and give them all the correct information.
Rensburg explains that each hospital does things differently and depending on the hospital manager, some might provide the services and others will not.
“For abortion seekers to get the best services, it must be taken out of the hospitals and be contracted to people that will be dedicated to providing the service. People who know the importance of the service and be able to provide it anytime should there be a demand,” he says.
Pre-counselling
Mavuso says that abortion counselling should never be compulsory. “South Africa’s abortion law states that in South Africa abortion counselling must be available but voluntary, that it is for individual abortion service users to decide (not abortion providers) whether to have abortion counselling. Abortion seekers’ needs vary greatly. Not all abortion seekers will want/need abortion counselling, and in fact research indicates that many do not or may not want or need abortion counselling,” says Mavuso.
With that said, Mavuso explains that pre-abortion counselling is only useful when it responds to individual abortion seekers’ specific and varying needs, thus, a ‘one-size fits all’ approach is not useful.
Mavuso says that counselling can be harmful and could serve as a barrier to abortion when it is directive, for example, when the purpose or effect is to control, usually through fear and shaming tactics that include the spreading of false information, and directing what the pregnant person ‘should’ do. “Directive counselling violates the Act and is an example of dehumanising healthcare because it undermines the dignity and humanity of abortion seekers and service users,” says Mavuso.
Jezile echoes this sentiment and says pre-abortion counselling should not be used to sway one’s decision but must inform the pregnant woman about what to expect, side effects of the process and what to do in case one needs help.
Government response
Also presenting at the RAPP event, the Eastern Cape department of health’s deputy director of the maternal and child health unit, Ndileka Gaba says their challenge as the department is the act itself. There are a lot of staff issues, she says, where staff can van say they were not appointed as an abortion nurse or a provider of abortion. “So there is that conscientious objection whereby you can say no. Now I’m exhausted. I don’t want to do it anymore. So that is a challenge. Also, the issue of management support, there is no support and some managers impose their values on you. If it’s a religious person, she will just impose his or her own values to you as the provider,” she says.
Gaba explains that every facility that is rendering maternity services is expected to have abortion services and in Eastern Cape they have about 65 district hospitals and seven regional and tertiary hospitals so all those facilities have maternity services so they are expected to render the services though that is not currently happening. “The fact that when you are trained or when you are appointed you are not appointed as an abortion nurse makes it a challenge to provide the service, so according to the act and procedure to be followed, all the district hospitals with maternity wards are supposed to be rendering the service but that is not happening,” she says.
In an effort to curb stigma, Gaba says they are advertising the services on radio and they have pamphlets that they have posted to some areas to let people know that there are abortion services available.