Opinion: World has reached another turning point in the fight against HIV

Top South African HIV clinicians are setting their sights on different approaches to finding an HIV vaccine after the "disappointing" news that the Mosaico trial was stopped early because the vaccine did not show any efficacy.

The world stands at an inflection point once more in the war against HIV. For those of us working in the field in South Africa, especially, it feels eerily like the battle that was fought 25 years ago. At the time, I was doing my internship as a doctor at Chris Hani Baragwanath. Antiretroviral therapy was available in rich countries, but not yet in Africa.

It was heart-breaking to know that a simple, yet often inaccessible, intervention was the difference between suffering and relief. We knew we could make a difference. We could stop the transmission from mother to child. We could turn the tide. We could manage the medical conditions of those who were HIV-positive, rendering the sickness chronic, rather than the death sentence it had been with its inexorable progression to AIDS – if only we were able to prescribe and dispense those life-saving ARVs.

Ultimately, we were.

Turning the corner on this pandemic has been one of the greatest global achievements in public health. It was something that struck me very hard as I listened recently to the poignant testimony of Ugandan AIDS activist Lilian Mworeko. I cried as she cried, telling how she, as an HIV-positive mother, had successfully given birth to her children without transmitting the virus to them. Now they, decades after their parents faced the same threat, may be in danger once more of contracting the same virus – and yet the drug that can stop it is still not readily accessible in African countries.

Related Posts

• AIDS 2022: How to tailor HIV prevention efforts to people’s needs
• AIDS 2022: The latest on long-acting HIV prevention and treatment
• ANALYSIS: Reflections on TAC’s future as new leadership elected
• Almost 40 years with HIV – from ‘dead man walking’ to HIV awareness champion
• An open letter to us girls who still shoulder much of the HIV burden in South Africa
• Analysis: What is behind the Western Cape’s low PrEP numbers?
• Are youth-only clinics the answer to better healthcare for young people?
• Can digital adherence technologies help with adherence to HIV medicines?
• Difficult conversations: How do you tell your child they have HIV?
• Editorial: HIV prevention injection should be fast-tracked like COVID-19 vaccines
• Experts welcome new HIV treatments for kids
• First HIV prevention injection approved in SA
• HIV prevention ring approved, but next steps unclear
• IN PICTURES: Two decades of HIV in South Africa
• In-depth: How do long-acting HIV treatments work?
• In-depth: Some improvement but much more needed to address health needs of key populations
• In-depth: What should behaviour change efforts look like in the PrEP era?
• In-depth: What will it take to bring HIV prevention injections to SA’s clinics?
• Lubricant helps prevent HIV infection, but access remains limited
• OPINION: Part of child protection is allowing kids to be themselves when it comes to gender
• Opinion: Keep an eye on quality as we rush to test people for HIV
• Opinion:  Ending HIV/AIDS inequalities to achieve equity and end the epidemic
• Pilot projects set to inform rollout of HIV prevention shot
• Prioritise HIV prevention injection, activists say
• Programme delivers comprehensive HIV prevention and SRH services to learners
• SA expected to begin piloting HIV prevention shot in early 2023
• Spotlight on HIV: Six graphs that tell the story
• Start planning HIV prevention injection rollout, experts say
• Vaginal ring to prevent HIV safe to use in late pregnancy and while breastfeeding
• What Eastern Cape youth say about preventing HIV and unwanted pregnancies
• Women in Health: Francesca Conradie – from HIV to groundbreaking TB research
• Women in Health: From test tubes to impacting lives – Dr Thesla Palanee-Phillips on making a difference with science
• Women in Health: “I don’t like seeing anybody treated unfairly” – new leader of HIV Clinicians Society
• “It took me three seconds to decide” – Fareed Abdullah reflects on his career in public health

Concerning numbers

I am a mother too and I feel that same fear that our children are at risk for a virus when the tools exist to prevent it. The recently released UNAIDS 2022 global update highlighted the imminent danger of losing precious gains in the AIDS response. While 28.7 million people were accessing ARV therapy by December 2021, new infections fell by only 3.6% across the world last year compared to 2020.

It was the lowest annual drop in the last five years, thanks in part to the COVID-19 pandemic’s interruption of routine health care, including HIV prevention and treatment programmes. 1.5 million people became infected with HIV in 2021 – three times more than the global target of 370 000 new infections a year. One young woman is infected every two minutes. In sub-Saharan Africa, teenage girls and young women are three times as likely to become infected as boys and young men.

"Until everyone has access to the best that science can offer, until everyone has their full human rights, we will never end this or any future pandemics."

Listen to @Winnie_Byanyima's full speech at the opening of #AIDS2022 👇🏾 pic.twitter.com/HgnsgAPot3

— UNAIDS (@UNAIDS) August 17, 2022

During the COVID-19 lockdowns and disruption to education, HIV transmission and teenage pregnancies spiralled – along with gender-based violence. But they aren’t alone. Sex workers, their clients; men who have sex with men; people who inject drugs, and transgender people account for 70% of new infections.

Clearly, there is work to be done.

We have many tools at our disposal to bring the HIV epidemic under control but urgent and intensive work remains to build on past successes. We have the means to prevent HIV. Condoms prevent pregnancy, HIV, and other sexually transmitted infections and remain a mainstay of our response. Voluntary male medical circumcision (VMMC) reduces transmission risk. Importantly, we know that effective ARV treatment makes the virus undetectable in the body and prevents onward transmission. “Undetectable = untransmittable” is a critical message as we encourage people to test for HIV and remain on their lifelong treatment.

New prevention tools

One of the most effective prevention tools available today would have seemed fanciful 25 years ago. Back then, working as a young doctor on the outskirts of Soweto, if you’d told me there was a pill that could stop HIV acquisition, I would have been overjoyed. I would have rejoiced that the AIDS pandemic would soon be over, but the reality of the drug has not lived up to its promise. There is a daily pill available today, known as Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), but we need to ensure all in need have access.

To end the HIV epidemic, we must invest in the wellbeing of the people with HIV to save lives and stop new transimissions. Unditectable=Untransmittable #UequalsU @PreventionAC @BR999 @BradyDale311 pic.twitter.com/fanOKhboOY

— Youth Solidarity For Self Reliance (YS4S) (@youth_reliance) August 13, 2022

In addition, there are new alternative long-acting prevention methods in the pipeline, including the Dapivirine vaginal ring and the Cabotegravir injection (CAB-LA), which could be a game-changer. Effective for two months after the date of injection and able to be administered discreetly, CAB-LA could address some of the barriers faced by those wanting to access PrEP, including confidentiality, stigma, and discrimination. We hope that the recently released usage guidance from the WHO will allow governments to expedite the approval and distribution of CAB-LA.

Ensuring equitable access to life-saving HIV treatment and prevention with new modalities would be no easy task in any era, but it is especially difficult now at a time when the impacts of the COVID 19 pandemic continue to be felt, especially in poorer countries where debt repayments in some of them last year were more than 171% of the government’s spending on healthcare, education, and social protection combined. In a situation like that, there is little reserve to respond to a health crisis like HIV and AIDS.

The situation is dire. Bilateral donations, excluding the US, have dropped by 57% over the last decade. And yet, if we can replenish the internationally-supported Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, we could reduce new HIV infections by 68% between now and 2026, and AIDS-related deaths by 59%. We could cut the incidence among adolescent girls and young women, especially in Africa, by 72%. Most importantly, the world could provide ARV therapy to 28 million by 2026 – a 91% treatment coverage rate.

‘We can do this’

We can do this. We have proved we can when we have worked as one – all of us – healthcare professionals, activists, governments, civil society, and donors. We cannot ensure appropriate levels of funding, advance new drugs like CAB-LA, or increase the uptake of life-saving medicines unless we all work together.

In Africa, it is said if you want to go fast you go alone. If you want to go far, you go together. Everyone at the forefront of fighting this pandemic has to have a seat at the table for the world to have a chance to do just that.

*Dr Liesl Page-Shipp is the Senior Programme Officer for HIV at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, based in Johannesburg.

Note: Spotlight receives funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The views expressed in opinion pieces published on Spotlight are not necessarily shared or endorsed by Spotlight. Spotlight is editorially independent and a member of the South African Press Council.

This article was also published in the Sunday Times.